Sustainable management of water resources in agriculture. Rainfed agriculture plays a critical role in this respect. Achieving food security in the future while using water resources in a sustainable manner is a major challenge for us and the next generations. Emerging practices from agricultural water management in africa and the near east. Growth of irrigation opportunities for increasing water productivity 4. It demonstrates how efficiency of water use can be enhanced to maximize yields. It also faces the enormous challenge of producing almost 50% more food by 2030 and doubling production by 2050.
Water productivity food and agriculture organization of the united. Riparwin project iii productivity of water pw is the ratio of output physical, economical or social to the amount of water depleted in producing the output. Water productivity is the ratio of the net benefits from crop, forestry, fishery, livestock and mixed agricultural systems to the amount of water used to produce those benefits. Agricultural water productivity awp is an important indicator for evaluating water use efficiency and agricultural water management. A 35% increase in water productivity could reduce additional crop water consumption from 80% to 20%. Framers can play a major role to improve water and agriculture productivity if reforms in irrigation sector are implemented in latter and spirits. Implications of water scarcity for water productivity and. Increasing water productivity in agriculture worldfish. Esar has considerable expanse of drylands on the african continent. Crop yield per unit of water consumed, or water productivity, is a key element in successful water resource management. These will also help to reduce labour and inputs, mitigate weather.
Official pdf, 44 pages world bank documents world bank group. Introduction water is a critical input into agriculture in nearly all its aspects having a determining effect on the eventual yield. Options for improving water productivity at the agro ecological or riverbasin level are found in. Agricultural water conservation, productivity, and transfers. Gaining more yield and value from less water can reduce future demand for water, limiting environmental degradation and easing competition for water. Assessing agricultural water productivity in desert. Sharma, senior visiting fellow, indian council for research on international economic relations and scientist emeritus water resources, international water management institute, new delhi ashok gulati, infosys chair. A careful monitoring of water productivity in agriculture and exploring opportunities to increase it are required. Simi kamal conference on the future of water for food 3. Crop and water productivity of the pakistan wheat and rice. Chapter 8 increasing water productivity in agriculture.
In its broadest sense, water productivity wp is the net return for a unit of water used. Climate change, agriculture, water, and food security. The quality and reliability of irrigation can significantly impact the type of crops chosen by farmers and the crop yield, thereby raising water productivity. The united nations world water assessment programme calls for crop water productivity increases with the aim of reducing pressure to develop new supply sources or increasing water allocation to agriculture unesco, 2009. Assessment of agricultural water productivity in arid china. Agriculture is a backbone of most economies in the eastern and southern africa region esar. Increasing water scarcity causes a variety of pressures on agricultural production given current and growing food demands. Benchmarking water productivity in agriculture and the scope for. Increasing awp is critical for watersaving agriculture birendra et al. Smart water for agriculture 20162019 aims to save water and energy, and to ensure sustainable resource use by promoting farmerled and marketbased smart water products and services.
Singh 2, madar samad 3, hugh turral 4 and chaitali purohit 5 abstract the objective of the study is to explore the scope for water productivity enhancement in irrigated agriculture. The issue of water management and interventions for its improvement runs across sectors. Many high impact journals such as agriculture water management, irrigation science and journal for irrigation and drainage do not accept papers substituting wp for wue. The fao water productivity openaccess portal wapor uses remote sensing technologies to monitor and report on agricultural water productivity over africa and the near east. This can be achieved either by 1 increasing the marketable yield of the crops for each unit of. It is a major source of livelihood to over 80% of the rural households in the region. Information is outdated or measured values are made in small experimental plots that are not representative for the situation in.
The water productivity term plays a crucial role in modern agriculture which aims to increase yield production per unit of water used, both under rainfed and irrigated conditions. Assessment of the water productivity index european commission. In pakistan, the space between water demand and supply has increased manifolds, due. A water productivity framework for understanding and action economics of water productivity in managing water for agriculture the concept of efficiency in water resources management and policy. This is an advance edition of the agricultural water productivity. Sustainable management of water resources in agriculture agriculture is the major user of water in most countries. According to fao estimates, as much as 40 per cent of the worlds food is grown using irrigation, but large amounts of this water is lost to leakage in the irrigation system itself. Hence, research to evaluate crop water productivity and analyze the drivers of change in the same, has fascinated many researchers and scholars worldwide.
Economics of water productivity in managing water for agriculture 19. Up to 70 % of the water we take from rivers and groundwater goes into irrigation, about 10% is used in domestic applications and 20% in industry. Swedish university of agricultural sciences, slu, uppsala, sweden. The international workshop, going beyond agricultural water productivity, will take place at the world bank main complex in washington, d. Identifying the most promising options is complex and has to take into account environmental. Geological survey to enhance the management of agricultural landscapes land cover map of the conterminous united states from early 1990s data vogelmann and others, 2001. In recent decades the irrigation efficiency concept has gradually been replaced, both in the literature and in practice, with the introduction of crop water use efficiency wue and later on with agricultural water productivity wp. The nature of yield versus irrigation water ir or et, and irrigation water productivity iwp or wp versus ir or et fig. This paper seeks to add to our understanding of water scarcity adaptations by explicitly addressing linkages between water scarcity, water productivity, cropping choices, and farm labor. In its broadest sense, it reflects the objectives of producing more food, income, livelihood and ecological benefits at less social and environmental cost per unit of water consumed. Chapter 5 water efficiency in agriculture globally, agriculture is the largest user of water1 and also uses 85% of the water withdrawn in the mena region. Water productivity in agriculture would be the single most important factor driving the water use globally in the future molden et al. Good seeds and fertilizers fail to achieve their full potential if plants are not optimally watered. Acknowledgments status, conditions, and trends this report, the result of extensive collaboration within the u.
A partial factor productivity analysis 3 managing the closely interlinked waterenergyfood nexus requires a holistic approach, as inefficient use of any of the three resources can have a negative effect on the other two. Simply put, good agricultural water management means using water in a way that provides crops and animals the amount of water they need, enhances productivity, and conserves natural resources for the benefit of downstream users and ecosystem services. Sharma, ashok gulati, gayathri mohan, stuti manchanda, indro ray, and upali amarasinghe bharat r. Land and water solutions for sustainable agriculture. Water productivity strengthening agricultural water efficiency and productivity on the african and global level morocco burkina faso uganda improved crop water productivity in small scale agriculture increased water use efficiency in small scale irrigation enhanced water harvesting capacity for agriculture national water audits prepared for burkina faso, morocco and uganda. Currently, about 3600 km 3 of freshwater are withdrawn for human use.
Agricultural water productivity oriented water resources. Improvement of water productivity aims at producing more. Water productivity mapping of major indian crops bharat r. The banks work on water in agriculture is supported by the water in agriculture global solutions group gsg, a membership based organization which provides services to its members and other stakeholders interested in enhancing how water is used in agriculture in terms of sustainability, productivity, and equity. Additionally, water use in agriculture is often highly inefficient with only a fraction of the water diverted for agriculture effectively used for plant growth, with the rest drained or lost via. Gaps in crop water productivity are often linked to. Water other investigating the environmental effects of agriculture practices on natural resources scientific contributions of the u. Although agricultural census data for pakistan provide crop production statistics, they do not include information on crop water consumption. In general, improving agricultural water productivity, thus freeing up water for ecosystem. Water and agriculture in india status, challenges and possible options for action 1. What we know and dont know on may 89, 2018, the mit abdul latif jameel water and food systems lab jwafs held a twoday workshop titled. The approach taken reflects the view that agriculture is an integral part of sustainable development and is in line with the framework established by the sustainable development goals and the paris agreement.
Food and agriculture are the largest consumers of water, requiring one hundred times more than we use for personal needs. This chapter is a product of the agricultural water conservation, productivity, and. All together water is the most important input in agriculture. Agricultural productivityresearch and technological innovation for increased productivity seed production and supply system opportunities for increasing agricultural productivity crop production.
In general, improving agricultural water productivity, thus freeing. Eighty per cent of the agricultural land worldwide is under rainfed agriculture, with generally low yield levels and high onfarm water losses. Water productivity, presented in national seminar on integrated water resources management, islamabad, pakistan, dec 2122 2005. Investigating the environmental effects of agriculture.
Improving agricultural productivity, water use efficiency. Water productivity is defined as the amount of agricultural output per unit of water depleted and can be applied to crops, trees livestock and fish. Accounting for water productivity at system and basin level at the larger scale, the effect of agriculture on other water users, human health and the environment becomes at least as important as production issues. The association of high wp values with high yields has important implications on the crop management for achieving efficient use of water resources in water scarce areas oweis et al. Of these, roughly half is really consumed as a result of. Nested system productivity nsp is the productivity of water for a. Agriculture is the largest user of land and water resources in the world, yet millions of farmers live in poverty. Improving their food security and livelihoods would be easier if there were more land to put under the till and endless clean water supply, but these resources are limited, now more than ever. Department of agriculture economic research service usdaers, the international water management institute iwmi, and the world bank group. Wapor, remote sensing for water productivity food and. Water and irrigation productivity training, mbeya peak hotel, may 2004. Abstract the issue of water scarcity and socioeconomic impact of water shortage on small scale farmers is a reality in many developing countries including pakistan. Pdf a water productivity framework for understanding and action economics of water productivity in managing water for agriculture the concept of. A waterproductivity framework for understanding and action 1 david molden, hammond murrayrust, r.
This study uses water consumption derived from satellite data, combined with statistical survey information, to analyze the spatiotemporal variations and driving factors. We challenge the widespread claim that tightening foreign especially mexican labor. Improving water productivity in agricultural systems. First title in a major new seriesaddresses improving water productivity to relieve problems of scarcity and competition to provide for food and environmental securitydraws from scientists having a multitude of disciplines to approach this important problemin a large number of developing countries, policy makers and researchers are increasingly aware of the conflicting demands on water. Assessing agricultural water productivity in desert farming system of saudi arabia virupakshagowda c. Agricultural water productivity, irrigation efficiency, singlefactor productivity, total factor.
The water crisis has become increasingly serious, particularly in arid and semiarid areas. Pdf increasing water productivity in agriculture prem. Not available as pdf yet increasing water productivity is an important element in improved water management for sustainable agriculture, food security and healthy ecosystem functioning. Technological and management innovations in irrigation.